Glossary of Diversity

From to be able and the suffix -ism. Discrimination against and devaluation of people with disabilities, both physical and psychological.

People who do not identify with any gender and/or reject the concept of gender. The term refers (primarily) to gender identity and not to sexual orientation.

People who experience sexual attraction towards other people. They may be, for example, heterosexual or lesbian. Allosexual is the opposite of asexual.

Being an ally is very important for marginalised groups. Being an ally, or practising allyship, means supporting the community and advocating for their rights and standing up for them in cases of discrimination. It can be helpful to educate yourself as much as possible, read books and articles, exchange views with those affected, or simply listen to them.

Discrimination based on a person's age, which can lead to social and economic exclusion or disadvantage.

Refers to measures and principles aimed at preventing or combating discrimination. Anti-discrimination offices and their work support individuals and groups who are disadvantaged or excluded on the basis of various characteristics, who are exposed to stereotypes and prejudice, or who experience violence.

The counter-movement to feminism. A social movement that fights against and seeks to prevent the emancipation of women. Anti-feminists view gender equality as an ideology that seeks to oppress men, thereby violating all their – mostly patriarchal – ways of thinking and behaving. Any feminist concerns, as well as diversity-related issues (including equality for all, the elimination of sexism and homophobia, women's right to vote, the right to work, and diversity), are opposed and suppressed.

A term for people who experience little or no romantic attraction to others and/or have no desire for romantic relationships. The shortened form "aro" is also used as an abbreviation for "aromantic".

A term for people who experience little or no sexual attraction towards other people. They can have romantic relationships, even without sexual desire. The shortened form "ace" is also used as an abbreviation for "asexuality". Asexual is the opposite of allosexual.

Means mindfulness and describes a respectful and self-reflective way of interacting with one another. Our awareness concept aims to create spaces in which all participants are protected from discrimination, harassment, and violence. We firmly oppose all forms of discriminatory behaviour and hate speech, and provide those affected with support and options for action.

Prejudice or partiality that leads to distorted decisions, judgements, or interpretations. Causes include prejudice or discrimination against certain groups based on their characteristics (gender, ethnicity, religion, etc.), missing or distorted information, biased perceptions or beliefs, as well as systemic inequalities and power structures.

Bias can have far-reaching consequences, from unfair decisions to social and economic inequalities.

The differentiation/dichotomy into "male" or "female", whereby both terms are opposites and mutually exclusive. Society distinguishes between the terms "female" and "male", and attributes appearance, body language, and behaviour to these categories. Gender Studies point out that both biological sex and social gender can be understood as social constructs. The social diversity of human experience is poorly captured by a binary division. Inter* (intersexuality), as well as trans and non-binary identities, contradict the binary/two-part gender model and are not recognised by it.

People who are attracted to two or more genders.

Various forms of discrimination targeting bodily characteristics and/or body shapes. Derogatory remarks about weight, appearance, size, etc. are made in direct or indirect ways. This is hurtful and can lead to negative self-esteem and mental health issues.

The counterpart to body shaming, and a movement that emphasises the diversity and uniqueness of every body. People are encouraged to love and accept their bodies as they are. The prevailing beauty ideals, which are typically celebrated and propagated in the media, are regarded as unrealistic.

Sexually suggestive comments or gestures in public, directed at a person's appearance or body. Catcalling is widely regarded as inappropriate and disrespectful, and is a form of harassment. (see Sexism)

People whose gender identity matches the gender they were assigned at birth. Cisgender people are seen as "the norm" in our society and enjoy social advantages, such as not having to explain themselves or being able to use changing rooms without fear of violence.

Refers to the self-disclosure of one's own sexual orientation, sex, or gender identity. It means making it known to the public or one's social environment that one is not heterosexual, allosexual/alloromantic, cisgender, and/or endosexual.

There are two types of coming out: In an internal coming out, a person becomes aware of their own sexual orientation and/or gender identity. In an external coming out, they share this awareness with others, such as family, friends, or colleagues at work. Most people experience this as liberating, because they no longer have to hide.

The term "deadname" refers to the first name that a trans* or non-binary person was given at birth, has since abandoned, and replaced with a new name. The name given at birth is therefore considered "dead".

The right to gender self-determination is part of human dignity and the right to the free development of one's personality. On 1 November 2024, the Self-Determination Act (Selbstbestimmungsgesetz) came into force. This enables trans*, inter*, and non-binary people to have their gender entry in the civil register and their first names changed by making a declaration at the registry office. The submission of a medical certificate or the obtaining of expert opinions in court proceedings is no longer required.

Further information on the Self-Determination Act (in German).

When a person's former name continues to be used, this is referred to as "deadnaming". This may happen accidentally, but can also be deliberate, with the intention of hurting and/or discrediting the person concerned.

A term for a gender identity in which a person can only partially identify with a particular gender.

A term for people who only experience sexual attraction after forming an emotional bond with a person.

Any form of disadvantage and unequal treatment is discrimination. It can affect individuals or groups; people are often disadvantaged, verbally or physically attacked, excluded, and/or ignored on the basis of external characteristics (skin colour, appearance, age, clothing, language, etc.) and internal characteristics (religion, sexual orientation, etc.).

Outdated ways of thinking and behaving, such as stereotypes and prejudice, help to sustain and perpetuate discrimination. Forms of discrimination become visible in everyday social life, including in the laws and norms that continue to ensure unjust and unequal treatment. For example: certain characteristics are attributed to a group, which helps to maintain social power dynamics and hierarchies.

Diversity refers to the variety of humanity and its identities, which should be recognised and respected. People possess characteristics that on the one hand privilege and advantage them, and on the other hand exclude and disadvantage them within society.

These characteristics include, among others, age, disability, skin colour, ethnic and social origin, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. Regardless of their characteristics, everyone should have equal opportunities and rights to develop and thrive in society.

Every year in May – European Diversity Month – the German Diversity Day takes place. It is an action day first initiated in 2012 by the Charta der Vielfalt e. V.

"It aims to provide a platform that promotes diversity and inclusion in organisations. Companies and institutions actively engage with the topic and demonstrate their commitment to an open and discrimination-free working environment. This annual day dedicated specifically to diversity serves as an opportunity to raise awareness of diversity in the workplace, break down prejudice, and promote inclusive working environments in Germany. On this day, organisations can carry out various activities to strengthen the importance of diversity, from workshops to interactive events."

The deliberate photographing or filming of a person's cleavage or chest area without their knowledge or consent. An attempt is made to take intimate images by looking down through the opening of a garment, often with the intent to humiliate the person concerned or to violate their privacy.

The proliferation of smartphones and social media has significantly increased the problem, as it becomes easier to take such images and share them with others. Those affected have to deal with psychological consequences – from shame and fear and insecurity to a loss of trust in social or public life. Downblousing violates the right to privacy, is considered a form of voyeurism, and can be subject to criminal prosecution (protection against sexual harassment, digital abuse).

An art form in which people present a different identity – one frequently associated with a particular gender – through clothing, make-up, and performance (e.g. portraying gender roles). Drag Queens are people who, regardless of gender, perform a feminine identity. Drag Kings are people who perform a masculine identity. It is an artistic expression: drag combines theatre, dance, singing, stand-up comedy, and fashion. Performances can be humorous, provocative, or emotional, but can also exaggerate and parody. Drag is not limited to a particular form or aesthetic, but encompasses a wide range of styles, from glamorous and extravagant to flamboyant and avant-garde.

Origins and history: Drag has roots in various cultural traditions, for example in theatre, where men formerly took on women's roles (in antiquity, in Shakespeare's time). In the 20th century, drag was developed further especially by the LGBTQ+ community, for example in the ballrooms of the 1920s and 1980s in the USA. Today, drag is known worldwide through artists such as RuPaul or shows like RuPaul's Drag Race.

Drag is closely connected to LGBTQ+ culture and often serves as a protest against social norms and discrimination. Drag provides a platform for expressing gender identities and personal creativity. Social topics are often addressed, or social injustices are highlighted with humour. Drag challenges rigid gender roles and promotes acceptance of individual diversity. Drag is independent of the gender identity or sexual orientation of the performers. It is not about changing one's own identity, but about embodying artistic roles. Drag is a vibrant, creative art form that combines entertainment, cultural reflection, and political message.

In December 2018, the amendment to the Civil Status Act (PStG, Section 45b), the so-called "Third Option", came into force. Inter* (intersex) people in Germany have the option of registering their gender as "diverse" in addition to "male" and "female", or of having no entry at all. However, there are numerous debates about whether inter* constitutes a "third gender"; thus the third category of "diverse" is not sufficient, as inter* (intersex) bodies are diverse.

The procedure also requires a medical certificate with the diagnosis "variant of sex development". Ideally, a civil status declaration should be possible without certificates, doctors, and diagnoses, so that inter* (intersex) people are not humiliated and re-traumatised by this process.

In April 2024, the Bundestag passed the Self-Determination Act, which is intended to enable the changing of gender entries without pathologisation (the removal of the requirement for a medical certificate). Since 1 November 2024, it has been easier to adapt one's gender and name to reflect one's lived reality.

Refers to the process of liberation from oppression and disadvantage, particularly with regard to gender, as well as in other social, political, or economic contexts. In feminism, emancipation stands for the equality and self-determination of women and other disadvantaged groups. It requires legal, social, economic, and cultural changes in order to dismantle hierarchies and inequalities.

Emancipation means formal rights as well as actual participation in decision-making processes and the recognition of the individual dignity and autonomy of all people.

Since 1949, the equal rights of men and women have been enshrined in the German Basic Law, and much progress has been made – for example in the freedom to choose one's profession and the choice of surname upon marriage. Nevertheless, hurdles remain, for example for women in senior positions. The goal of emancipation remains a society in which all people can live with equal rights and self-determination.

Endosexual (or "endo" for short) refers to people who, according to medical interpretation, are clearly categorised as female or male. This applies to the majority of the population. In contrast, the term "inter*" describes people whose sex characteristics do not clearly fit into the categories of male or female.

Intersex status can be recognised at various stages of life – during pregnancy, after birth, during puberty, or much later. It is also possible for intersex status to go unnoticed.

It is predominantly women who devote a great deal of work and time to care every day. They look after the household, raise children, and care for relatives. The time burden on a working woman is particularly high, especially when children are small. The hours that women devote to unpaid care work are considerable, particularly when they work part-time and therefore have a correspondingly lower income. This in turn has consequences for their pension and for the labour market.

It is a disadvantage for women when, despite having their own jobs, they must additionally take on the household and care work. The origins of this behaviour lie in earlier times, when the man was seen as the traditional breadwinner and women were responsible for the children and the household. This view has changed as more women have entered the workforce. "Equal care" means the equitable distribution of care work, whether it be childcare, housework, or the care of relatives.

Even small changes in everyday life make a big difference. Care work must be recognised by everyone. Since this is "invisible" and unpaid work, 29 February has been designated as Equal Care Day, and it takes place on 1 March in non-leap years.

Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences sees itself as a university "in which all people can fulfil their potential, regardless of age, gender, personal life choices, ethnic or religious background, and physical abilities" (HHN Mission Statement)

LHG BW §4: "In fulfilling all their duties, universities shall promote the actual enforcement of equal opportunities for women and men, and shall work towards eliminating existing disadvantages. They shall actively promote the increase of the proportion of women in all subjects and at all levels where women are under-represented, and shall ensure better compatibility between family life and academic, artistic, and medical activities. The gender-specific effects must be taken into account in all tasks and decisions."

Equal opportunities means that everyone, regardless of their social background, gender, cultural and ethnic affiliation, or social status, has equal chances to fulfil their potential. This includes, among other things, for all members of society: the establishment of equal prerequisites (general university entrance qualification, vocational training, universities and colleges), the possibility of social success (e.g. women are prevented from advancing to leadership positions despite comparable qualifications (see "Glass Ceiling")), and the introduction of quotas.

Takes place on a different day each year. It is an action day that highlights the fact that women worldwide earn on average less than men. This gap is also known as the gender pay gap. The Equal Pay Day seeks, through campaigns, to draw attention to these wage differences (between women and men), to research and identify their causes, and to present potential solutions. According to statistics, the pay gap in Germany stands at 18 per cent of gross hourly wages, assuming they receive the same hourly rate. Equal Pay Day marks the point in the calendar year up to which women theoretically/in principle work without pay, while men have been paid for their work since 1 January.

There are various reasons for the unequal pay gap: One cause is the gender divide in the labour market. Women and men often apply for "gender-typical" jobs in which men are paid higher wages for formally equivalent qualifications. Even when training is of equal duration, wages and salaries differ in everyday working life. Although dangerous or physically demanding work is valued and paid above average compared to work involving people, this is not the case in nursing. There, the physical demands are underestimated and pay is also lower.

Additionally, women apply for lower-paid jobs, work part-time, or take career breaks while taking on private and unpaid care work such as raising children, housework, or caring for relatives. As a result, they are less frequently promoted due to time constraints and the choices mentioned above, which automatically prevents career advancement. They also work in different pay grades at the same position. Also partly responsible for the pay gap is the process of wage determination. Women, in general, are more reticent than their colleagues of the same qualification level when negotiating salaries, bonuses, and promotions, due to their socialisation, and therefore often achieve lower earnings.

Means that all people in society are entitled to equal rights and opportunities, regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. Article 3 of the German Basic Law states: "Men and women shall have equal rights. The state shall promote the actual implementation of equal rights for women and men and take steps to eliminate disadvantages that now exist."

The simple statement "Men and women shall have equal rights" has formed the foundation of Article 3 of the Basic Law since 1949. At that time, the state was bound by a patriarchal understanding of marriage and family (the man as head of the family and final decision-maker). Although women in Germany had had the right to vote since 1919, the Equal Rights Act did not come into force until July 1958. Women gained the right to make their own decisions (open a bank account, go to work, access education).

In the GDR, equal rights for women and men had already been established in 1949: "Men and women are equal. All laws and provisions that contradict the equal rights of women are abolished," stated Article 7 of the GDR constitution. Women were permitted to work, enter into contracts, and divorce. Yet even then, women earned less than men, while simultaneously caring for the family and managing the household. During German reunification in 1990, the Basic Law was amended. The following sentence was added to Article 3: "The state shall promote the actual implementation of equal rights for women and men and take steps to eliminate disadvantages that now exist." This sentence forms the legal basis for equality legislation at federal, state, and local level. To this day, many organisations are committed to upholding equal rights for women and men.

The equal rights mandate of the Basic Law

At HHN, family-friendliness is more than just a buzzword. Through a long-standing certification process, it has established structures that support parents and carers in finding effective work-life balance solutions. The Family Service is the first point of contact for all enquiries relating to studying and working whilst raising children. Heilbronn University has been part of the family-friendly university audit scheme since 2005.

"The university has well-established work-life balance solutions and family support services. The commitment to creating and maintaining study and working conditions that are as family-friendly as possible is firmly rooted in the university's identity and is put into practice in everyday university life."

It refers to a movement in which women fight confidently and resolutely for equality, for their rights and the opportunity for self-determination, and for their freedom and independence in society. They are fighting against discrimination, against gender stereotypes (ways of thinking and behaving) and prejudices, against inequalities in everyday life, and against an invisible barrier that hinders their advancement in the workplace. Women are under-represented in many areas of everyday life. That is why it is important to encourage and empower them. They should have the choice to make their own decisions about their lives, their bodies, their education and their careers, and the ability to participate in society, politics, the economy, and science.

Also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to the partial or complete removal or injury of the female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It constitutes a serious violation of human rights, particularly the rights of women and girls. Causes include traditional, cultural, or religious practices, such as notions of "purity" and "hygiene" or social acceptance, the control of women's sexuality, higher "bride prices", and better "marriage prospects". FGM is practised primarily in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, but also occurs in other parts of the world through migration. According to the WHO, more than 230 million women and girls worldwide are affected.

FGM can have the following consequences:

• Physical consequences: acute pain, bleeding, blood loss, infections, shock or even death. Long-term complications include chronic pain, difficulties with urination and menstruation, sexual dysfunction, infertility, complications during pregnancy, and high birth risk.
• Psychological consequences: trauma, anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Social consequences: restrictions on autonomy and the right to physical integrity, dependency, contempt, and exclusion.

Many countries have enacted laws to prohibit and abolish FGM. Education and awareness-raising within communities about the health and legal consequences of FGM are important, as is support for those affected through medical, psychological, and social assistance.

Further information

The concept of feminism emerged in the late 19th century. It refers to the struggle against discrimination against women and other marginalised groups in society; a struggle for the equality of all people; against gender inequality (including in the workplace and in care work); and against sexism (including control over women's bodies and their sexuality). Its aims include the abolition of the oppression of women and unequal treatment, of sexism and patriarchy, as well as a transformation of the law and the value system. It is not just about social, political and economic gender equality; feminism also challenges power structures with the aim of achieving equal opportunities, human dignity and self-determination for all people. Feminism relates to equality in education, as well as in research and science, in the workplace, and in political and social life.

In society, many decisions are made by men (Thomas cycle). They often take credit for inventions and discoveries made by women (Matilda effect). Feminism is not about putting women in power, but about giving them the recognition they deserve. Feminism is not exclusively for women; it also supports men, helping them to break free from gender stereotypes (e.g. they should be free to express their feelings and share their experiences without being "de-masculinised", etc.). An important aspect of feminism is that it is intersectional, recognising and taking into account various levels and forms of discrimination. The focus here is not only on white women, but also on women of colour, women with disabilities, and women with different sexual orientations and/or religions. 

"Intersectionality is a lens that allows us to see where power comes from and who or what it impacts, where there are connections and where there are barriers. There isn't simply a racism problem here, a gender problem there, and a class or LGBTQ problem elsewhere. Often, the dominant narrative obscures what is really happening to people." – Kimberlé Crenshaw.

The term "femicide" refers to the killing of women on the basis of their gender. Every day, women around the world are killed by their (ex-)boyfriends, (ex-)husbands or male relatives. The term was coined by the sociologist Diana E. H. Russell, who introduced it in 1976 at the International Tribunal on Violence against Women. She testified that there are numerous violent crimes resulting in the deaths of women, which are perpetrated by men worldwide: "The killing of females by males because they are female." In today's society, violence against women is a recurring global problem. The resulting femicides reflect this phenomenon.

Reasons for this include, amongst others, misogyny, sexism, possessive behaviour, so-called "honour killings", gender stereotypes, etc. The term "femicide" (femicidio, feminicidio) is particularly widespread in Latin America. In the 1990s, many women were killed in Ciudad Juárez, a city in Mexico. These crimes were not prosecuted and were, in some cases, ignored by the media and the authorities, and/or the victims were blamed for the "violence they had experienced". They were trivialised and normalised as domestic violence and, later, as a consequence of the drug war.

A very well-known case is "Campo Algodonero". The relatives of the victims in Ciudad Juárez took their case all the way to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In 2009, the Court ruled that the Mexican State had violated the human rights of the murdered women. It stated that the prevailing climate of impunity normalises violence against women and contributes to its continued perpetration. It is the first judgement to define femicide as the "[homicide] of women on the basis of their sex". In Europe, the feminist movement "Ni Una Menos" has attracted particular attention. Founded in 2015, the movement organised large demonstrations in Argentina to raise awareness of and combat violence against women and femicide. Nowadays, the question is increasingly being raised as to whether, in criminal proceedings relating to femicide, the gender "female" is taken into account – or whether the sexist motives are considered and punished accordingly – or whether such cases continue to be categorised under murder and manslaughter in German criminal law without any reference to gender.

An umbrella term used to refer to women, lesbians, inter*, non-binary, trans* and agender people. All these individuals experience various forms of discrimination (on the basis of their gender) and find, under the term FLINTA*, a safe space where they can talk freely or take part in events without being disturbed. These are spaces in which they can escape patriarchal structures.

A form of psychological manipulation in which a person or group causes another person to doubt their own perception, memory, or judgement. The aim is to destabilise the person concerned, undermine their self-confidence, and gain control over them.

Typical characteristics:

• Denial of facts: Claims that events never took place.
• Distortion of reality: False information calls perception into question.
• Minimising emotions: Statements such as "You're overreacting" or "You're imagining it."
• Manipulation of evidence: Altering physical or verbal cues to support the manipulation.

The term derives from the stage play and film Gas Light (1938, Patrick Hamilton), in which a husband causes his wife to doubt her own perception while denying subtle changes in her surroundings (such as the dimming of gas lamps), in order to gain access to her inheritance.

Gaslighting occurs in relationships, families, the workplace, or in groups, and often causes significant emotional distress.

Men who are romantically and sexually attracted to other men. The origin of the German word "schwul" is unknown. It appeared in late 19th-century Berlin as a term for men who love men.

The sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (WhK) in 1897 to campaign for the abolition of Paragraph 175, which criminalised homosexuality. Berlin was at that time one of the few cities in the world in which same-sex love was lived openly. The first magazines, popular songs, and films addressing homosexuality began to appear. During the Second World War, the Nazis persecuted and murdered homosexuals. Yet male homosexuality remained criminalised even after the war. In the 1970s, the modern lesbian and gay movement emerged – a community with the desire to stop hiding. The AIDS crisis of the 1980s, however, made the situation difficult once again.

To this day, many people still use "gay" as an insult (e.g. in school playgrounds). For many young people, coming out thus remains a form of stigmatisation.

Further information on Magnus Hirschfeld.

The concept of "gender" is distinguished from "sex" (biological sex). Gender Studies draws attention to the fact that both biological sex and social gender can be understood as social constructs. The origin of this concept goes back to the French feminist Simone de Beauvoir, who as early as 1949, with her famous statement "One is not born a woman, but rather becomes one", pointed out that gender is a socially constructed category.

The concept was further developed in 1990 by the American philosopher and queer theorist Judith Butler in her landmark work Gender Trouble. Gender-theoretical approaches proceed from the assumption that gender behaviour is not merely biologically determined, but is primarily shaped and learned through social processes. More recent approaches use the term "gender" to refer to the complex interplay of biological, physical, and social factors.

Social gender does not necessarily correspond to biological sex. What appearance, behaviour, and role are considered typically masculine or typically feminine can vary greatly depending on the era and society. For example, until the early 20th century, blue was the colour associated with girls and pink with boys. In the 17th century, men – including kings – wore wigs and high-heeled shoes at court, attributes that today are more commonly associated with women.

A medical measure (in the form of surgical interventions or the administration of hormones and/or hormone blockers) through which trans*, inter*, and non-binary people physically align their bodies with their gender identity.

Whilst equal rights enshrines the rights of all in law, gender equality is concerned with the implementation of those rights in everyday life. It involves measures that advance the alignment of the legal and social circumstances of groups and individuals with equal rights. These include, among other things, the elimination of disadvantage and violence, the compatibility of family and professional life, equal opportunities for advancement (women in leadership positions, stereotype-free qualification, the elimination of pay differentials for equal work), and opportunities at both a professional and personal level.

In summary, the goal is equality and fair participation for all people – not just women – in society and in areas such as politics, the economy, science, and culture. Inequalities and discrimination are to be combated.

The Gender Equality Officer at HHN is responsible for women in academic roles, staff, and students, and also has the following duties: supporting the university in enforcing equal opportunities for women and men, eliminating existing disadvantages, and promoting the increase of the proportion of women in areas where they are under-represented. She is committed to improving the compatibility of family and professional life. The Gender Equality Officer is an advisory member of the Local University Council and the Local Senate, and is involved in appointment and recruitment procedures. (LHG §4)

Gender identity describes how a person understands and experiences their own gender. In Germany, many people identify as female or male, while others identify as non-binary, agender, or otherwise.

The range of possible gender identities, their respective meanings, status, and visibility vary across different cultural and historical contexts.

While the majority of people identify with the gender assigned to them at birth on the basis of their physical characteristics (cis), a person's gender identity may also diverge from that physical assignment (trans). Each individual must determine for themselves which gender feels right – whether that is the one assigned at birth or another. Some people also prefer not to be assigned any gender at all.

Gender incongruence describes the state of a mismatch between a person's gender identity and the gender assigned to them at birth.

The term describes the relationship between women and men in a social and historical context. It brings inequalities, privileges, disadvantages, and power dynamics to light. Gender relations have changed over the years and will continue to evolve.

From an early age, we learn that certain behaviours are considered "masculine" or "feminine". As our society changes over time, so too do the expectations of gender role behaviour in particular situations. Women today may pursue a career, vote, and participate in political decisions. Men may show their feelings, take time off, and care for children. This gives rise to new definitions of gender roles.

An action can no longer simply be seen as typically masculine or feminine, but contains nuances. Yet even as society progresses, deviations from these typical gender roles can still lead to discrimination and exclusion.

An interdisciplinary academic discipline that analyses and researches the significance of gender as historically and culturally embedded, and in relation to other categories such as ethnicity, social class, sexuality, religion, age, etc. Gender relations are examined in the context of society and history, culture and politics, as well as science. The aim is – based on the category of gender – to examine discrimination and privilege that are embedded in everyday life and shape our perceptions and identities.

Gender Studies is linked to women's research. Its origins lie in the book The Second Sex by the French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, from which her famous quotation derives: "One is not born a woman, but rather becomes one." With the publication of Gender Trouble, the American philosopher Judith Butler influenced gender research and Gender Studies.

A gender identity that can change depending on situation and time. One is not fixed to a single gender; rather, it is "fluid". Gender can shift between all genders – from "male" to "female", from "female" to "non-binary", etc. One's gender shifts situationally and/or temporarily.

The use of gender-equitable/gender-sensitive language. A strategy that, in both writing and speaking, formulates terms in a way that makes all genders equally visible linguistically, represents them appropriately, and creates gender justice. Discriminatory and gender-stereotyping language is avoided. Rather than using the masculine form of the plural for everyone in German, gender-neutral terms such as "Studierende" (students) are used. Alternatively, both forms can be named ("Studentinnen und Studenten"), a split form ("Student/-innen"), the internal capitalisation ("StudentInnen"), the gender gap ("Student_innen"), or the asterisk variant ("Student*innen") can be used. HHN prefers the asterisk variant.

Many qualified women encounter the "glass ceiling" in the course of their professional careers – an invisible barrier that prevents them from advancing further. Men dominate leadership positions in particular, even when women are equally or better qualified.

Gender quotas are intended to ensure that women are given preference when qualifications are equal, but are often not adhered to. Gender roles such as family responsibilities are attributed to women, which hinders their careers, whilst men are spared such prejudices. This results in women being overlooked, held back, and restricted in their potential.

A term from sociology and gender research that describes the invisible advantages experienced by men in typically female-dominated professions, particularly in those traditionally perceived as "feminine", such as nursing, education, or social work. The term complements the concept of the "glass ceiling", which prevents women from reaching leadership positions in male-dominated professions. The "glass escalator", by contrast, describes how men in female-dominated professions are often favoured and promoted more quickly, or propelled into management roles, even when they have less experience or fewer qualifications than their female colleagues. It reflects the social assumption that men are "better suited" to leadership roles and are frequently perceived as exceptional or outstanding, which further enhances their career prospects. They are also often given more support or mentoring from senior colleagues, who are themselves more frequently male.

The "glass escalator" demonstrates how gender inequalities persist even in female-dominated fields. It highlights the need to break down gender stereotypes and ensure fair career opportunities regardless of gender.

Refers to the targeted manipulation of individuals, particularly children and young people, in order to build trust and subsequently exploit them sexually. Perpetrators use attention, gifts, and affection to establish an emotional bond, create dependency, and reinforce their power. Grooming takes place both online and offline, ranging from seemingly harmless conversations to sexual acts. Grooming can also occur in person within the immediate social environment, for example through trusted individuals such as family members, teachers, or neighbours.

Characteristics include: targeted contact initiation (e.g. via chats or social networks), trust-building, emotional dependency, isolation from the social environment, and the initiation of sexual content or acts. Once trust has been established, perpetrators begin to share sexual content or initiate sexual acts, for example by requesting nude photographs or through physical contact.

In Germany, grooming is a criminal offence under §176 of the Criminal Code. It can lead to severe trauma and long-term psychological consequences. Education, monitoring of digital spaces, and early intervention are crucial to protecting victims.

Unwanted behaviour intended to intimidate, humiliate, or harm a person. It can take various forms and occur in different contexts, including the workplace, social interactions, or online. It often happens repeatedly, but can also be a one-off serious incident. It causes discomfort, fear, or harm.

There are various types of harassment:

• Sexual harassment: Unwanted sexual advances, comments, or physical contact.
• Psychological harassment (bullying/mobbing): Intimidating, bullying, or humiliating behaviour.
• Discriminatory harassment: Demeaning behaviour based on gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics, including racist or sexist remarks.
• Stalking: Repeated, unwanted pursuit or contact with a person that causes fear and a sense of threat.
• Online harassment (cyberbullying): Harassment through messages, posts, or images in digital media.

Harassment can have serious psychological, emotional, and physical consequences, including anxiety, depression, or impaired self-esteem. It can also have legal consequences for the perpetrators.

Hate crimes are acts of violence based on prejudice. They attack the identity of the victim and their characteristics – whether appearance, religion, ethnicity, origin, skin colour, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, or other similar features. Often, several of these characteristics are targeted simultaneously. Hate crimes can have physical and psychological consequences: the destruction of property, public buildings, and religious sites, bodily harm, murder, and intimidation. They threaten not only individuals, but entire communities.

The reasons for hate crimes lie in a lack of information and awareness about certain issues, as well as the absence of social norms to combat discrimination. Society itself bears some responsibility, having divided people into different groups for years. In this way, stigmatisation, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are created, reproduced, and maintained.

Hate crimes target specific characteristics. Each characteristic can be assigned to a category or group, so that the perpetrator becomes violent every time they encounter that characteristic, because they believe the victims deserve it, whilst simultaneously sending a powerful message to communities. That message is: communities that share these characteristics are not welcome and must expect violence and discrimination. These attacks are intended to spread fear and intimidation and to marginalise the affected groups. An attack on one person from a particular group is an attack on the entire group.

Dehumanising statements (threats, insults, humiliation, intimidation, degradation, etc.) intended to cause harm. These include racist, sexist, homophobic, misanthropic, and incitement-to-hatred comments directed at a marginalised group, which are discriminatory in nature, often lead to violent acts, and simultaneously reinforce positions of power.

It is important to understand the consequences that this hatred towards particular groups of people – based on prejudice regarding their ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc. – can have, and how this hatred affects those targeted. This hatred of "the other", of the unknown, does not justify insults, discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes. The association of particular characteristics, stereotypes, and prejudices with a group intensifies the hatred directed at it. Instead of correcting this and trying to understand those who are different, society clings to patriarchal structures.

Encompasses physical, psychological, sexual, economic, social, and digital violence within close relationships or families. It is often perpetrated by partners or family members, affects women, men, children, and other relatives, and is typically characterised by a power imbalance. Its aim is to control the victim.

Forms of violence:

• Physical: Hitting, kicking, strangling, murder (threats)
• Psychological: Threats, insults, stalking, manipulation
• Sexual: Rape, coercion, abuse
• Financial: Control over money, prohibition of work, financial dependency
• Social: Isolation, surveillance, and control
• Digital: Cyberstalking, control of social media, revenge porn, data misuse

Causes:
Domestic violence arises from a combination of individual, social, and cultural factors. Contributing factors include, for example, unemployment and low income. Domestic violence is always a means of gaining control over a partner and asserting one's own will, power, and dominance. Where the perpetrator is a man and the victim a woman, the violent expression of superiority and possessiveness reflects patriarchal traditions that continue to shape power imbalances between the sexes.

Consequences:

• Physical: Injuries, disabilities, death
• Psychological: Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders
• Social: Isolation, dependency, problems at school and work
• Long-term: Trauma in affected children

Prevention and support:

• Legal measures (restraining orders, penalties)
• Women's and men's refuges and counselling centres
• Awareness campaigns and societal dialogue
• Therapy for victims and perpetrators

Facts:

• One in four women is affected.
• 70.5 per cent of domestic violence victims are female (as of 2023)
• Domestic violence is the most common cause of injury for women: more common than road accidents and cancer combined.
• Two thirds of all rapes occur in a private setting.

Istanbul Convention:
Since 2018, the Istanbul Convention has been in force in Germany, providing a comprehensive definition of domestic violence and prescribing prevention and protection measures.

Criminal liability:
Physical and many forms of psychological violence such as stalking or sexual assault are criminal offences (§223, §238, §174–§177, §225 of the Criminal Code). However, many incidents go unreported, which means the actual number of cases far exceeds the official figures.

The term describes the assumption that there are only two distinct genders – "man" and "woman" – that complement each other and are sexually attracted to one another. The concept of normativity emphasises that heterosexual people are regarded as "natural" and "normal" and are encouraged to form families.

However, this norm excludes queer people (members of the LGBTQIA+ community), is discriminatory, and is based on the prevailing belief that gender and sexual orientation are natural, unambiguous, and unchangeable.

Refers to the sexual orientation in which people are romantically and/or sexually attracted to persons of the "opposite gender". In general, this means that men are attracted to women and women to men.

Heterosexuality is one of the most common sexual orientations and is, in many cultures and societies, the most widespread and accepted form of sexual relationship.

The term is frequently used as an umbrella term to describe hostility and discrimination towards people who belong to the LGBTQIA+ community (see L). The word "homo" refers specifically to discrimination against homosexual people. The word "phobia" comes from ancient Greek and means "fear". However, it is not the case that these people are afraid of homosexual persons; rather, they cling to stereotypes and prejudices. They regard homosexual people as unequal, feel that their values or worldview are under attack, and threaten them because they believe they deserve hatred. They devalue them on the basis of certain characteristics (discrimination), because these challenge their normative and religious assumptions.

There is also internalised homophobia/homo-hostility, which can lead to the devaluation of and violence against other homosexual people. It can also lead to self-harming behaviour, because the individuals concerned are afraid of being perceived as homosexual themselves.

Discrimination is a serious problem that leads to violent attacks against all members of the LGBTQIA+ community. The causes include homophobia, lesbophobia, biphobia, and transphobia that exist within society. The state has an important role here and must take measures to protect the LGBTQIA+ community. It must take action against intolerance and existing stereotypes/prejudices in order to safeguard the integrity of community members.

Homosexual people are romantically and sexually attracted to people of the same gender. Most people, however, no longer use this term, preferring instead terms such as lesbian, gay, or queer.

At various points in history, homosexual people were committed to institutions in order to "treat" their supposed "illness". In 1990, homosexuality was removed from the WHO's International Classification of Diseases.

From the Latin term "includere", meaning "to include". All people should be able to participate equally in social life, regardless of age, ethnicity, skin colour, culture, religion, origin, or gender, etc.

They should all be equally accepted by society, with no one being disadvantaged – neither at work nor in society, neither in their private life nor in public life.

Intersectionality comes from the English word "intersection". It refers to the overlapping of various forms of discrimination based on personal characteristics (age, gender, skin colour, origin, sexual orientation, etc.). It is important to recognise that multiple forms of discrimination can coincide (not just one!) and have different effects. For example: a woman may simultaneously experience discrimination on the basis of prejudice regarding her skin colour, her religion, and her sexual orientation.

The term "intersectionality" was coined in 1989 by the American legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in her article "Demarginalizing: The Intersection of Race and Gender": "We tend to talk about inequality based on racialization as if inequality were separate based on gender, social class, sexuality or immigration history." The background was the experiences of Black women in the USA. They criticised the fact that the forms of inequality and oppression they themselves experienced were not included in the feminism of white women.

Intersex bodies can display characteristics of both "female" and "male" sex, which may be noticed before or after birth, in childhood, during puberty, or only in adulthood – or not at all. In addition to biologically male and female sex characteristics, there are innate physical variations, or biological particularities in sex differentiation, such as variations in sex chromosomes, hormone production, internal and external sex organs, or genetically caused developmental differences.

Where it cannot be determined, on the basis of these biological characteristics, whether a person is clearly male or female, that person is considered intersex. In the past, surgical interventions in infancy or childhood were common in such cases, in which sex-altering procedures were carried out to adapt the physical appearance to that of the male or female sex. This often occurred on the recommendation of doctors and with the consent of parents who had not been adequately informed. Those affected seldom or never learned of this, even though such interventions are considered a violation of human rights and frequently have psychological consequences.

Everyone has the right to physical integrity and, upon reaching the age of consent, should be able to decide for themselves whether they wish to undergo a ("non-necessary") medical procedure. The individual has the right to identify as female, male, non-binary, or intersex, which is why it has been permitted since the beginning of 2019 to register as "diverse" in the civil register. The term "intersexual" is considered derogatory by intersex people; "intersex" is therefore preferred. Since 2021, surgical interventions on intersex children in Germany have been prohibited, though numerous exceptions remain.

Refers to the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. It was signed in Istanbul on 11 May 2011, with the aim of protecting women from violence, preventing violence, and combating the impunity of perpetrators. It promotes measures for victim protection, public awareness-raising, and support for judicial authorities in tackling domestic violence. As an international legal instrument, it creates a common framework for the protection of women's rights and the combating of gender-based violence.

The member states of the Council of Europe and other signatories condemn violence against women as an expression of unequal power relations between the sexes. This violence is structural in nature and impedes the equality of women and men.

It is noted with concern that women and girls are often subjected to severe forms of violence such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, forced marriage, and genital mutilation. These violations of human rights constitute a major obstacle to equality.

It is acknowledged that domestic violence predominantly affects women, even though men and children can also be affected – the latter often as witnesses to family violence. The aim is a Europe free of violence against women and domestic violence.

Details on the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence.

Children's rights guarantee all children, regardless of origin, gender, religion, or social status, protection, education, health, and participation. They are based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, which has been ratified by almost every state in the world. The aim is a safe, healthy, and fulfilling life for children, as well as the promotion of their development as independent individuals.

Some fundamental principles:

• Non-discrimination: Equal rights for all children.
• Best interests of the child: Priority in all decisions.
• Right to life: Ensuring care and development.
• Right to family: Access to care and family cohesion.
• Right to identity: Preserving name, nationality, and identity.
• Consideration of the child's wishes: To be heard and taken seriously in decisions that affect them.
• Right to freedom of opinion and information: To express thoughts and seek information.
• Right to protection from violence and exploitation: Protection from abuse, exploitation, and neglect.
• Right to health: Access to medical care, nutrition, and clean water.
• Right to education: Access to free primary education and the promotion of higher education.
• Right to leisure: The right to play, rest, and cultural participation.

Further information

Children's rights prevent violence and discrimination, promote participation, and guarantee basic care. Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child.

The idea that the population of a country can be divided into different groups or classes.

It refers to discrimination on the basis of belonging to a "class", or of a person's economic or social origin or position. It involves the disadvantaging, devaluation, and oppression of a person or group. Social, professional, and educational advancement is made more difficult for them, thereby preventing their participation in social, cultural, and political life. At the same time, stereotypes and prejudices develop.

Today, people no longer speak of "classes", but of different social strata or social milieus (environments). Money/wealth or property ownership is not the only characteristic that describes or defines a person's position in society. Cultural and religious views can also be exclusionary.

Consent refers to the voluntary and mutual agreement of all parties involved to a decision, action, or matter. It requires that all parties are on equal footing, have access to all necessary information, and can decide freely without coercion or pressure. Consent is relevant in many contexts, including social, legal, political, and interpersonal ones.

In particular with regard to sexual acts, consent refers to the explicit agreement of all parties to sexual acts or advances. This agreement must be clear, voluntary, conscious, and revocable at any time.

Describes the adoption of elements of a culture by a dominant group in a disrespectful or exploitative manner, often without the consent or understanding of the original context. This can reinforce power imbalances and historical oppression.

Commonly affected are customs, clothing (e.g. feathered headdresses, kimonos), symbols (such as dreamcatchers or bindis), as well as music, dance, and language (the use of terms or expressions from other cultures/languages as a "trend"). The original meanings are ignored, cultural elements are taken out of context, and are often used for commercial or superficial purposes. The source group receives neither recognition nor benefit, whilst discrimination and misrepresentation persist.

Cultural appropriation promotes inequalities, the loss of cultural meaning, and colonial structures.

Cultural exchange, by contrast, refers to respectful and consensual exchange between cultures, in which appreciation and mutual learning take centre stage – where both sides learn and benefit.

Describes the loss of women along their careers in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Although women are well represented at the outset – for example in higher education – their proportion decreases at every stage of the career ladder (from doctorates through academic posts to leadership positions).

Causes include, among others:

• Lack of support, role models, and networks,
• Discrimination and unequal pay,
• Gender stereotypes that portray women as less competent,
• Expectations to focus more on family,
• Low confidence in one's own abilities (e.g. "impostor syndrome") and work-life balance challenges.

Effects:

• Under-representation in leadership positions (particularly in STEM professions),
• Loss of talent and innovation,
• Reinforcement of gender-specific inequalities in the labour market.

Support programmes such as mentoring, scholarships, and networks specifically for women can provide assistance and help combat gender stereotypes in education and the workplace. Equality legislation, the promotion of parental leave, and flexible working arrangements by policymakers can support and advance diversity and inclusion in educational institutions and companies.

The leaky pipeline highlights the need to break down barriers and create gender-equitable structures.

Refers to women who are romantically and sexually attracted to women. The term comes from the Greek island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea, where the poet Sappho addressed the love between women in her poetry. For years, lesbians have faced discrimination. They are described as "too masculine", "too aggressive", "too visible", or "too feminist". These heteronormatively shaped gender images result in any deviation being seen as resistance to "being a woman". Those perceived as "too masculine" are targeted with slurs such as "dyke" or "butch". Lesbians perceived as "too feminine", on the other hand, experience a sexualised form of violence and discrimination.

LGBTQIA+ is an abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans*, Queer, Inter* (intersex), and Asexual. The "+" or sometimes a "*" serve as placeholders for further self-designations.

Other abbreviations such as LGBT or LGBTQ* generally carry the same meaning. The individual letters are intended to draw attention to the diverse realities of people's lives and to make them visible. Individuals may belong to one or more of these groups. The umbrella term serves people whose gender identity and/or sexual orientation does not conform to social norms.

In German-speaking countries, the term "queer" is used as a general umbrella term in place of LGBTQIA+.

The term "community" refers to a group of people who feel a sense of belonging to one another on the basis of shared interests, characteristics, or experiences. LGBTQIA+ members frequently share similar experiences of discrimination as well as common values and ideas. A community is an important space for support and exchange. Groups often overlap, and people may feel they belong to several communities.

The "male gaze". The portrayal of women from a male perspective. Women are depicted as objects of desire and reduced to their bodies, while the man takes the leading role.

The male gaze was first introduced by feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey in the 1970s to describe the way in which films and visual media frequently portray women as passive, sexualised objects designed for a male audience. These representations help to cement gender stereotypes and reinforce and perpetuate the sexualisation of women.

From the English "man" and "explaining". The term describes a communication behaviour in which a man assumes he knows more about a particular topic of conversation than a woman, and explains the topic to her even though she is already familiar with it. The manner of the conversation – on the part of the man – is typically condescending and patronising.

Example: A man explains to a woman how to repair her car, even though she is herself a mechanic and has more expertise than he does.

From the English "man" and "spreading", referring to the behaviour in which men sit in public spaces – typically buses, underground trains, or trains – with their legs spread wide, taking up space on adjacent seats. They take up more space than necessary, restricting the freedom of movement of those around them.

Women in particular make themselves "small" in such situations and avoid making eye contact with the man in question, so as not to draw attention to themselves (and avoid any potential consequences).

The term refers to the displacement of population groups or individuals from society. This can occur geographically, culturally, socially, or economically. It typically operates on multiple levels, excluding entire groups and preventing their integration into society.

The concept describes a prevailing social, cultural, and historical notion of masculinity in our society. It encompasses the behaviours, self-images, and interpersonal relationships of men, as well as the idea of "masculine structures". This includes the assumption that "men" should not show weakness, but should be hard and aggressive rather than tender or affectionate – particularly in their interactions with other men.

"Toxic masculinity" refers to the adherence to traditional patriarchal ways of thinking and behaving, as well as feelings of superiority, through which men can harm themselves and others. These patterns of thought are accompanied by the devaluation of women and other gender identities.

Fundamental rights and freedoms that belong equally to every person, regardless of origin, gender, religion, ethnicity, political conviction, social status, or other characteristics. They are universal, inalienable, and indivisible, meaning that they apply everywhere, cannot be taken away, and must be protected in their entirety. They are firmly enshrined in international treaties, constitutions, and laws.

There are various categories:

• Civil and political rights: The right to life, liberty, and security; freedom of expression, assembly, and religion; protection from torture, discrimination, and arbitrary arrest.
• Economic, social, and cultural rights: The right to work, education, and an adequate standard of living; access to medical care; the right to social security and cultural participation.
• Collective rights: The right to self-determination; the right to development and a clean environment; the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples.

Human rights violations include violence, discrimination, oppression, torture, modern slavery, and environmental destruction, etc. People must accordingly be protected. International organisations such as the United Nations (UN), Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch are committed to upholding human rights. National institutions such as human rights commissions and ombudsman offices also monitor compliance at the national level.

Human rights are a central foundation for peace, justice, and the dignity of the individual, and form the basis of a just and humane society.

Directed against sexual harassment, assault, and the (male) abuse of power. The phrase, which originates from English, literally means "me too" – as in: "This happened to me too."

In October 2017, the New York Times published an article accusing the powerful film producer Harvey Weinstein of sexual harassment. Women were called upon to share their experiences of sexual violence and assault via Twitter (now X) using the hashtag #MeToo. On the very same day, 15 October 2017, the hashtag was trending with 200,000 tweets. On Facebook, it was used in over 12 million posts within 24 hours. Countless women, and some men, around the world broke their silence as survivors of sexual violence.

The movement led to increased public awareness of the scale of sexual violence and highlighted the need for changes in society and the legal system. It also prompted critical reflection on power structures and gender inequalities, and generated demands for greater support for those affected and tougher measures against perpetrators.

As early as the beginning of 2013, the hashtag #Aufschrei had sparked a wave of public testimony on Twitter in Germany. But it was #MeToo that led to numerous consequences, particularly affecting those in leadership positions in the fields of culture, politics, and academia across many countries. Powerful men who had exploited their positions to commit sexual assaults were forced to resign or were dismissed. #MeToo became a byword for the abuse of power in the workplace.

A group of people that is significantly smaller and less powerful than the majority at all levels (global, local, or national). Minorities repeatedly experience forms of exclusion, disadvantage, or discrimination. This contradicts the founding principles of a society. All people have the right to live as they choose.

No one may be disadvantaged on the basis of prejudice regarding their gender, ancestry, faith, homeland, origin, or language – as is also stated in the German Basic Law. Even though everyone must abide by the laws of the country, we find that this is often not the case in practice.

Using the wrong pronoun for a person, either accidentally or deliberately.

From the ancient Greek "misos" (hatred) and "gyne" (woman). It means hostility towards women or woman-hatred, and describes an emotional and hate-filled attitude, predominantly held by men, rooted in the ideologies of patriarchy. For thousands of years, it has pointed to the subordinate position of women, who have no claim to making their own decisions about their lives or about society. They are denied the power to participate, including in politics and society.

The term "internalised misogyny" refers to a conscious or unconscious internalised misogyny felt by women themselves. This means when women feel hatred towards other women, or towards themselves. It can manifest in statements that devalue other women and/or their hobbies.

The term comes from the English "to mob" (to attack). Bullying can take the form of direct or indirect abuse, insults, and false statements. People can also be bullied through direct attacks or other acts of violence. The perpetrators wish to demonstrate their "power" by intimidating and frightening their victims. In some cases, victims of bullying become unwell as a result; pupils wish to change schools, and employees wish to leave their workplace, because they can no longer endure the attacks. It is important to speak openly about bullying, so that the risk of being bullied is reduced.

A principle that emphasises that any form of sexual act may only take place with the clear and voluntary consent of all parties involved. The expression stresses that a clear "no" must be respected at all times, and that any disregard of such a refusal constitutes a violation of boundaries.

Without consent, any sexual act is unethical and may be considered sexual harassment, coercion, or rape. The principle requires that boundaries be clearly recognised and respected, regardless of the situation or the parties involved. A "no" may be expressed at any point during an interaction and must be respected, even if consent was previously given.

"No means no" is frequently used in campaigns to raise awareness about sexual violence and the issue of consent. The phrase aims to challenge traditional gender roles and behaviours that normalise pressure or coercion. Many legal systems take this principle into account by defining the absence of consent as a criterion for offences such as sexual coercion.

Bundestag decides "No means no"

A gender identity that exists outside the traditional binary gender categories of "male" and "female". "Non-binary" can be neutral, encompass no gender, or shift between multiple genders depending on situation and time. It also serves as an umbrella term for designations such as agender, genderqueer, or genderfluid.

Non-binary people may also be trans* or part of the trans* community, if they identify themselves as such.

A legal and social term describing the forcing of a person to perform an act, tolerate something, or refrain from doing something, through the use of violence, threats, or other means of compulsion. The aim is to influence a person's will in order to compel an action that would not have occurred without such compulsion. It violates the freedom of choice and is a criminal offence in many legal systems.

In the German Criminal Code, coercion is governed by §240. It requires violence or the threat thereof, as well as the intent to compel an act, tolerance, or omission. The act is only criminal if it is considered "reprehensible", i.e. morally or legally impermissible. Penalties range from fines to custodial sentences, depending on the act and circumstances.

The exclusion of a group whose characteristics, needs, and abilities are perceived as "other". This difference is interpreted as deviating from the norm, which in turn leads to the marginalisation of those belonging to that group.

In contrast to the self-determined coming out, the term "outing" describes the intrusive act of a person disclosing another person's sexual orientation or gender identity without their consent. Depending on the environment, this can be dangerous for the person concerned. The terms "coming out" and "outing" are sometimes mistakenly used interchangeably.

Pansexual (from the Greek "pan": all, everything) describes people who experience sexual attraction to others regardless of their gender. Pansexual people can fall in love with people of all genders – for example, they may also be attracted to non-binary or genderfluid people.

From the Latin word "paritas" (equality). This refers to equality between women and men – they should have equal rights and opportunities in all respects. In today's world, it still occurs that men are preferred over women, particularly in the professional sphere. Reasons for this include childcare and caring responsibilities, which are predominantly undertaken by women, and the assumption that these might prevent women from carrying out their work consistently.

Examples include: equality of votes among various members of a committee; for instance, membership of faculty councils should reflect an equal proportion of women and men.

In the context of gender, "passing" means that a person is perceived by others as the gender with which they identify or wish to be perceived, rather than as the gender assigned to them at birth.

Within the transgender community, there is debate as to whether the term "passing" is appropriate and whether social conformity should be considered desirable. After all, there is no fixed standard for how a woman or a man should look; equally, an androgynous appearance is not a prerequisite for being non-binary.

The term "patriarchy" comes from the ancient Greek "patir" and "arches", meaning "rule of the father". It refers to a globally prevalent social order – defined and structured by men – of exploitation, domination, control, violence, and oppression of women, regardless of age, class, sexual orientation, skin colour, or religion, etc.

Men hold power and exercise it at all levels of social life – whether in education, politics, religion, the family, private and public life, the economy, or science. It is a system of ideas that privileges men and emphasises their superiority, highlights gender differences and roles, and displays and justifies male dominance. It is also frequently characterised by the oppression of women, children, and people whose gender or body resists the male/female categorisation.

Individuals, companies, or brands "express solidarity" with the LGBTQIA+ community, usually for reasons of image and marketing (e.g. to increase their reach). As a rule, this interest is feigned; they support the community not at all or only partially, and are contradictory in their actions. They seek to attract the attention of the community and the wider public by appearing more modern, progressive (enlightened), and tolerant.

This is particularly common during Pride Month, when many companies promote rainbow logos and products without actually taking any meaningful action.

The term encompasses people who experience racism primarily due to prejudice regarding their skin colour. People of Colour are structurally affected by everyday, social, institutional, and other forms of racism. The acronym BIPoC includes under "B" Black people, whilst the "I" stands for Indigenous people.

The month of June is dedicated to the LGBTQIA+ community and its history. June was chosen as Pride Month to commemorate the Stonewall Riots, which took place in New York City in June 1969. These riots are regarded as a turning point in the struggle for the rights of LGBTQIA+ people and marked the beginning of the modern LGBTQIA+ movement.

Pronouns are essential to our language, as they refer to people or things without using their names. Stating and using correct pronouns shows respect for a person's gender identity. Cisgender people also share their pronouns to show solidarity with trans* and non-binary people and to acknowledge gender identities.

Pronouns can be divided into masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral forms:

• Masculine: he/him – for people who identify as male.
• Feminine: she/her – for people who identify as female.
• Gender-neutral: they/them – adopted from English, for non-binary people.

Gender-neutral pronouns may initially feel unfamiliar, but can be learnt through regular use. In German, various neopronouns exist, such as xier, sier, nin, em, or dey. It is important to know and use a person's pronouns correctly.

If the pronouns a person uses are unknown, gender-neutral pronouns or the person's name can be used. Information is often found in emails or social media profiles, with the first pronoun listed being preferred. Using the correct form of address shows respect and should always be observed.

Further information

The Prostitutes Protection Act of 2016 defines prostitution in §2 as "a sexual act by at least one person on or in front of at least one other person present, in exchange for remuneration, or the permitting of a sexual act on or in front of oneself in exchange for remuneration." The term "prostituere" comes from Latin and means "to put on public display". In Germany, the number of sex workers is estimated at between 200,000 and 400,000, the majority of whom are women.

Since 2002, prostitution has been recognised as a legal profession. The Prostitutes Protection Act of 2017 introduced registration requirements, health consultations, mandatory condom use, advertising restrictions, and licensing requirements for brothels in order to regulate the industry. It has been criticised that these measures promote stigmatisation and drive the industry underground.

Conditions within prostitution vary widely. Some engage in it voluntarily and self-determinedly; others are affected by poverty, debt, drugs, or violence. Prostitution is a historically entrenched form of sexual exploitation and an expression of patriarchal power structures. It reinforces gender hierarchies and implies the permanent availability of women, making it almost impossible for many sex workers to escape exploitative and risky conditions. Voluntary and economically successful prostitution is rare.

Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences sees itself as a university "in which all people can fulfil their potential, regardless of age, gender, personal life choices, ethnic or religious background, and physical abilities" (Mission Statement). It values a respectful approach to one another and tolerates neither discrimination nor disadvantage based on the characteristics listed above.

The statute describes complaints procedures in the event of conflict. It serves to prevent and reduce disadvantage in accordance with the General Equal Treatment Act (AGG), as well as discrimination, harassment, violence, stalking, and bullying. (HHN Statute on Protection Against Discrimination)

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or sexual orientation does not conform to the binary system of heteronormativity. The term "queer" has acquired various definitions in recent years: once used as a slur, "queer" was reclaimed in the late 1980s by activists at demonstrations in New York as a rallying cry: "We're here. We're queer. Get used to it!" There is no single clear definition. In English, "queer" originally meant "strange" or "peculiar".

In the 1990s, activists and academics began to address the pathologisation, criminalisation, and disenfranchisement of sexual lifestyles, gender identities, and bodies that did not conform to society's normative expectations of heterosexuality and binary gender.

Societal normative expectations regarding gender, sexual orientation, and/or lifestyle are rejected (as a self-designation). Queer occupies a special role: on the one hand, it is used by some as a distinct identity in its own right, both in terms of gender (e.g. genderqueer, i.e. a non-binary gender) and in terms of orientation (refusing categorisation). On the other hand, "queer" is often used colloquially as an umbrella term for all identities and orientations that are "queer" in relation to heterosexuality and cisgender identity. At the same time, "queer" is not used as a self-designation by all parts of the community. It therefore cannot always be used as a substitute for or synonym for LGBTQIA+. Moreover, when used as a collective term, "queer" renders invisible the various groups that the individual letters are intended to make visible.

The term encompasses all members of the LGBTQIA+ community (the queer community). It became widely known particularly through the American philosopher Judith Butler, following the publication of her book Gender Trouble in 1990.

Queer-hostility or "LGBTQIA+" hostility refers to prejudice, discrimination, hatred, or violence directed at people who are part of the LGBTQIA+ community. This hostility can take various forms, including verbal harassment, physical violence, social exclusion, legal and structural discrimination, and even violent crimes such as murder or assault.

Queer-hostility can occur at an individual level, within institutions, at a political level, or in society as a whole. It is often based on prejudice, ignorance, religious convictions, or cultural norms that do not accept or respect the diversity of human sexuality and gender identity. (see Homophobia)

A society in which sexual violence, harassment, abuse, and rape are tolerated, normalised, trivialised, and minimised. The victim is mistrusted and blamed, without consequences being drawn for the perpetrators. Women and children are particularly affected. Society accepts and excuses such acts, turns a blind eye to them, and mocks the victims.

A form of discrimination based on the conviction that people should be treated differently, excluded, harmed, disadvantaged, and judged on the basis of certain external characteristics ("race", skin colour, origin, culture, religion, etc.). Physical and psychological violence is frequently employed. It is a system of violence and oppression into which we are born.

Society continues to refuse, in social, legal, political, and institutional contexts, to accept and respect equality between people. Examples: "Where are you (really) from?", "Your German is really good.", "Go back to where you came from!"

A warning signal for potential problems, dangers, or unhealthy behaviour, particularly in relationships. The term refers to behaviours or patterns that indicate toxic or abusive conduct. Recognising such signals early helps to foster healthy relationships, avoid psychological harm, and protect oneself from manipulation or abuse.

Red flags can manifest, for example, in:

• Controlling behaviour: isolation, surveillance
• Disrespect: demeaning comments, disregard for boundaries
• Manipulation: gaslighting, guilt-tripping
• Jealousy
• Mistrust
• Aggressive behaviour: anger, threats, violence

They are important indicators for recognising problematic patterns, setting boundaries, and protecting oneself. Red flags should not be ignored, as they may point to risks in relationships, the workplace, or other areas of life. Recognising them and responding accordingly is essential for making healthy and safe decisions in the long term.

Spaces and environments to which people who are marginalised or discriminated against can retreat. In a protected setting, they can exchange experiences and draw strength from one another. These can be places where self-help, empowerment, and support take place, but also where social power structures are analysed and discussed. People are free to speak about their experiences and concerns without feeling questioned or criticised.

The term "safer space" is increasingly used to make clear that absolute safety cannot be guaranteed. Even with the best of intentions, it can happen that someone makes an unconsciously hurtful or inappropriate comment. "Safer space" therefore emphasises the commitment to continuously working towards a safer environment, rather than setting the unrealistic expectation that complete safety is guaranteed. It also underlines the responsibility of all involved to actively contribute to a respectful and supportive space.

Sex is often reduced to a person's body, particularly their genitalia. This is too narrow an understanding. Sex – also referred to as physical or so-called biological sex – is a complex social category. It has several dimensions that must be distinguished: how a person perceives their own gender, what gender assignment they have, how they express their gender, what roles are expected of them, and what entries exist in the legal system. At all these levels, gender is not simply binary, but operates at minimum on a spectrum.

Offer safe, temporary protection for people in acute threatening situations – for example, due to domestic violence, stalking, or persecution. They are located at confidential addresses to ensure the safety of residents.

Those affected – including women, children, men, queer people, and other victims of violence – receive support to stabilise their situation. Social workers, psychologists, and counsellors assist with legal, financial, and emotional concerns.

The accommodation provides private rooms or small units that allow for rest and recovery, as well as basic security measures. Refuge accommodation serves as a transitional solution until a long-term housing situation is found.

While women's refuges and men's refuges provide more comprehensive services specifically for women or men respectively, refuge accommodation is often broader in scope and has less intensive support structures.

Admission is usually arranged through counselling centres, the police, youth welfare offices, or emergency hotlines. In some cases, self-referral is possible, depending on capacity and regional availability. The aim of refuge accommodation is the immediate removal from the danger zone.

Discrimination on the basis of a person's gender, often expressed in the form of disadvantage, unequal treatment, violence, and the oppression of women and trans* people.

In a patriarchal society, "masculinity" is understood as the norm against which everything is measured, while "femininity" is devalued and the prevailing gender stereotypes, roles, and prejudices directed at women are trivialised and minimised. (See Femicide)

Encompasses any form of violence that violates a person's sexual integrity and autonomy. This includes sexual assault, rape, harassment, coercion, human trafficking for sexual exploitation, as well as unwanted touching and digital violations, such as the distribution of intimate content without consent or cybergrooming.

Those affected often suffer serious physical and psychological consequences. Perpetrators typically come from the victim's immediate social environment, which inhibits the willingness to report incidents. Shame, victim-blaming, and the myth of "false accusations" complicate the process of coming to terms with what has happened. Women and girls are particularly affected, with disabled women bearing a heightened risk.

Sexualised violence and domestic violence are frequently closely interlinked.

Germany's revised sexual offences law (in force since 2016) enshrines the principle of "no means no", both with regard to rape (§177 of the Criminal Code) and sexual harassment (§184i of the Criminal Code). According to the WHO, in 2018, 30% of all women worldwide experienced violence since the age of 15.

An area of criminal law that deals with offences against a person's sexual self-determination and integrity (Section 13). It encompasses legal provisions that define, penalise, and protect victims from sexual assault, abuse, and other sexualised offences.

Aims of criminal law:

• Protection of sexual self-determination: every person has the right to make their own decisions about their body and sexuality.
• Prosecution of offences: ensuring that sexual violence and assaults are subject to criminal proceedings.
• Prevention: deterring potential perpetrators and promoting social norms that reject sexual violence.
• Protection of vulnerable groups: in particular, children, young people, and people in dependent relationships are protected from sexualised violence.

Key areas of regulation:

• Sexual coercion and rape (§177 of the Criminal Code): encompasses any form of sexual act that is forced on a person against their will through violence, threats, or exploitation of a helpless situation.
• Sexual abuse of children and persons in care (§176 of the Criminal Code): refers to sexual acts on or with minors under the age of 14, and protection from people in positions of authority, e.g. teachers, carers, or nursing staff.
• Prohibition of child pornography and sexual exploitation (§184b and §184c of the Criminal Code): the production, distribution, and possession of pornographic material involving minors is a criminal offence.
• Sexual harassment (§184i of the Criminal Code): criminal liability for sexual harassment and exhibitionist acts.
• Consent and the "no means no" principle: since the reform of sexual offences law in Germany (2016), any non-consensual sexual act is a criminal offence, regardless of whether violence or threats were used.

Further information

Sexual offences law plays a decisive role in protecting human dignity and sexual self-determination. It helps to ensure that victims of violence receive legal protection and that perpetrators are held accountable.

Unwanted sexual behaviour or unwanted sexual attention that serves to humiliate, intimidate, or insult a person. Sexual harassment can take various forms, including unwanted touching, sexually suggestive comments, obscene gestures, repeated sexual advances, or the display of pornographic material.

Such conduct can occur in the workplace, educational institutions, in public, or in other social environments. Sexual harassment is a violation of a person's dignity and rights.

A form of violence that aims to sexually dominate, control, or harm a person against their will. Sexual violence can take various forms, including rape, sexual abuse, coercion, forced sexual intercourse, or sexual assault. The consequences of sexual violence can be severe and include physical injury, psychological trauma, anxiety disorders, and depression. Sexual violence is a serious criminal offence.

Refers to which gender or genders a person finds sexually attractive. Sexual orientation is an essential component of a person's identity and can develop and change over the course of a lifetime. Examples of sexual orientations include heterosexuality, homosexuality, pansexuality, and bisexuality.

From the English "slut" and "shaming". It refers to the denigration of women and girls on the basis of their supposedly non-conforming sexualised behaviour, their sexual activity, or their style of dress.

They are shamed as "slutty" because they do not conform to the expectations or norms held by the perpetrators. Slut-shaming can make women and girls victims of misogyny and sexism that exist within society. It can also take the form of insults, the spreading of rumours, victim-blaming in cases of sexualised violence, and social exclusion.

Refers to the repeated and persistent following, unwanted contact, and inducement of fear, harassment, or pursuit of a person that impairs their safety, freedom, or quality of life. It is frequently accompanied by psychological and emotional violence and is a criminal offence in many countries.

Possible consequences for those affected:

• Psychological: Anxiety disorders, depression, insomnia, PTSD
• Physical: Violence, murder
• Social: Isolation, withdrawal from public life

Forms of stalking:

• Direct: Following, observing, appearing in the person's vicinity
• Indirect: Messages, gifts, threats, spreading of rumours or information
• Cyberstalking: Surveillance via digital means
• Through third parties: Involving other people

In Germany, stalking has been a criminal offence since 2007 under §238 of the Criminal Code. Actions that seriously impair the life of the victim are subject to criminal liability. Those affected can make use of protective measures such as restraining orders or police assistance.

An over-generalised, simplified notion about the characteristics, behaviours, and traits of a social group. These notions are based on certain characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, age, religion, or other attributes, and result in all members of that group being attributed the same characteristics or behaviours. They can lead to prejudice and discrimination, as they ignore the diversity and individuality of people within a group.

"Trans-exclusionary radical feminism": A movement that in general discriminates against transgender people (particularly trans* women) and calls their identity into question.

The term was coined by the American sociologist Rosabeth Moss Kanter in the 1970s. In her research into recruitment practices at multinational corporations, she found that the few women working in these corporations primarily served a token function. This means that they were not regarded as individuals, but as representatives of the category "woman". They represented the minority in a male-dominated group. These women are referred to as "tokens".

"Tokenism" refers to the practice of making a symbolic effort to demonstrate diversity or inclusion, without taking genuine action. The "token" is often not fully included in decision-making processes or has little influence, but serves as proof that the organisation or group is allegedly diverse. Tokenism has serious consequences for the mental and physical health of those affected, as they are pushed into a stereotypical role in which they may feel dehumanised, and their presence is treated as the mere fulfilment of a quota, rather than as a valued and equal member of the community.

People whose gender identity does not, or does not fully, correspond to the gender assigned to them at birth. While most people have no doubts about their assigned gender, there is a growing number of individuals who feel uncomfortable with their assigned gender and are beginning to acknowledge their transgender identity.

The term "trans" refers to a person's gender identity, not their sexual orientation. Many transgender people reject the terms "transsexual" or "transsexuality" for the following reasons:

• Medical connotation: The term emphasises the medical aspect of gender affirmation, particularly surgical interventions or hormone therapy. However, many trans* people experience their gender identity independently of medical measures, and not all trans* people choose or have access to such measures.
• Gender identity vs. sexual orientation: The term "transsexual" can be misleading, as it is often confused with sexual orientation.

These terms are, however, still used in medicine, psychology, and law.

Transgender identity is frequently equated with hormone replacement therapy and surgical interventions. Until 2011, there was also a legal requirement in Germany, arising from the so-called Transsexuals Act (TSG). The prerequisites for changing one's gender entry included intimate organ-altering surgery and sterilisation. After 30 years and numerous legal challenges, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that this was incompatible with the Basic Law.

A medical measure through which trans* people physically align their bodies with their gender identity. There are various forms of transition. Firstly, it refers to the alignment of social gender with one's felt gender – the so-called social transition. This means informing the people around oneself or dressing accordingly. Secondly, there is the physical adjustment – the medical transition – in the form of surgical interventions or the administration of hormones and/or hormone blockers. Finally, there is the legal transition, the alignment of name and civil status. (see also Gender Affirmation)

Refers to the covert photographing or filming under skirts or dresses, typically to make intimate areas visible without consent. This behaviour constitutes a serious violation of privacy and sexual self-determination.

Perpetrators often use smartphones or mini-cameras and act out of voyeuristic or sexualised motives, sometimes with the aim of distributing the footage.

In Germany, upskirting has been a criminal offence since 2021 under §184k of the Criminal Code. It falls under the category of "producing unauthorised images" and can be punished with a fine or a custodial sentence of up to two years.

Those affected often suffer psychological consequences such as shame, fear, or anger, experience social stigmatisation, and feel restricted in their everyday lives.

A form of sexual violence in which a person is forced to engage in sexual intercourse without their voluntary consent. This frequently occurs through violence, threats, or in situations where the person concerned is unable to express their wishes or defend themselves due to unconsciousness, intoxication, or illness.

Rape is a serious crime and can have profound physical, psychological, and social consequences for those affected. It violates the integrity of a person and thus their human rights. Those who have experienced rape are often confronted with shame, guilt, and a sense of helplessness. It is important to recognise rape as a crime, to support those affected, and to pursue criminal proceedings against perpetrators. In Germany, it is a criminal offence under §177 and §178 of the Criminal Code.

The blame for a crime is attributed to the victim rather than to the actual perpetrators (perpetrator–victim reversal). Statements such as a lack of caution, inappropriate clothing (a skirt that was too short), or other misconduct are cited as features of rape culture. These are claimed to have provoked the perpetrators and incited the act.

The accusation of having worn the wrong thing, not having resisted enough, not having gone to the police sooner, or not having ended the relationship decisively enough can be further such features. Neither appearance, clothing, nor behaviour is an excuse for the conduct of the perpetrators.

The term "diversity" derives from Latin and means variety and multiplicity. All people, regardless of their gender, identity, sexual orientation, age, religion, or social origin, etc., should have the opportunity to fulfil their potential, to be respected and valued. They should be able to participate actively in shaping society, for diversity recognises the variety of all people.

People have much in common, even if they have different ethnic origins, religions, and worldviews. They may be of the same age, be lesbian and a mother, or have the same physical abilities or disabilities. Goals include, among others, reducing discrimination and achieving equality for all, promoting equal opportunities, and reducing disadvantage in society, in everyday life, in education, and in the workplace, by overcoming social barriers.

Refers to conscious or unconscious behaviour or actions that aim to harm, control, threaten, or oppress other people, animals, or things. Violence can be physical, psychological, sexual, structural, symbolic, or verbal, and is often linked to power imbalances.

Types of violence:

• Physical violence: Causing physical injury or harm (hitting, kicking, strangling, wounding).
• Psychological violence: Attacks on emotional well-being and mental health (insults, humiliation, threats, isolation).
• Sexual violence: Any form of unwanted sexual act or assault (rape, sexual harassment, coercion).
• Structural violence: Violence arising from social, political, or economic structures (discrimination, poverty, social injustice).
• Symbolic violence: Indirect violence through the internalisation of power structures and norms (sexism, racism, prejudice).
• Verbal violence: Violence in the form of language that causes emotional or psychological harm (abuse, threats, humiliation).

Violence can have multiple causes, such as aggression, frustration, social factors (power structures, norms, inequality, upbringing), political oppression, poverty, and the cultural "legitimisation" of violence.

The effects of violence can be physical (injuries, disabilities, or death), psychological (trauma, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder), or social (stigmatisation, isolation, dependency).

Violence is a complex social phenomenon that requires not only responses to individual acts but also collective and structural processes in order to be effectively combated.

A positive or negative evaluation, emotion, or behaviour towards a person based on their group membership. An opinion is simply adopted without personal experience or examination.

White feminism describes a form of feminism in which white, heterosexual women are at the centre. However, feminism should not only serve to fight for one's own rights, but for the rights of all women – including a focus on the oppression of marginalised women and women of colour.

Women's advice centres offer support, counselling, and protection to women in crisis situations such as violence, separation, or discrimination. They operate anonymously, confidentially, and in the best interests of women, regardless of age, background, or status, sometimes with a focus on specific groups such as migrant women or women with disabilities.

Cases are handled anonymously, confidentially, and in the women's best interests. The aim is to provide short-term help and long-term empowerment to enable women to lead self-determined lives. They are usually run by charitable organisations and funded by public money, donations, or membership fees. They provide a safe space to support women in difficult situations, strengthen their rights, and help them lead self-determined lives.

For centuries, women had fewer rights than men. For example, they were not allowed to attend schools or universities, practise a profession, or vote. Towards the end of the 18th century, women's movements emerged in many countries around the world. Women fought against violence and oppression and for equality in society, culture, politics, and the economy. In Germany, the first women's movements emerged in the mid-19th century. They demanded the right to participate in public life, better working conditions, and improved living standards. The second wave of the women's movement began in the 1960s with the establishment of facilities for women, such as women's refuges, women's centres, women's pubs, etc.

#MeToo is a social movement that emerged on social media in 2017 and drew attention to women's experiences of sexual violence and harassment. In doing so, they called for more support for those affected, but also for tougher measures against perpetrators.

Although there are now many laws promoting equality, many women (and people of other genders) are still calling for improvements to women's equal rights. Many women are still disadvantaged – in the workplace or in their professional careers. A current aim of the women's movement is to improve the work-life balance.

Specialised places of shelter and refuge for women affected by violence – physical, psychological, sexual or economic violence, including domestic violence in particular. They offer women, and often their children, a safe (and confidential) place to live temporarily in order to escape dangerous or violent situations.

Access is restricted to women and their children. However, they do not only provide accommodation, but also offer support and advice on legal matters and proceedings, financial questions, housing searches, and therapy. They accompany those affected in coping with their situation. The addresses of women's refuges are kept anonymous and confidential, to protect residents. They are frequently run by non-profit organisations, church-based providers, or welfare associations, and are funded through public money, donations, or grants.

Specific human rights that aim to protect women from discrimination and disadvantage, and to ensure their equal rights in all areas of life. They encompass political, social, economic, and cultural rights, and are closely linked to the goal of gender justice. Women's rights are universal and enshrined in international agreements such as the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Women have the right to:

• Equal rights: Women and men should have the same rights and opportunities in all areas of life, for example in the labour market, education, and politics.
• Physical and sexual self-determination and protection from gender-based violence such as domestic violence, rape, human trafficking, and female genital mutilation.
• Access to reproductive health services, contraception, and legal abortion.
• Education and access to it at all levels, to promote the personal and professional development of women.
• Political participation: Women have the right to vote, to stand for election, and to participate actively in politics.
• Economic equality: Equal pay for equal work, access to leadership positions, and economic independence.
• Freedom from discrimination: Protection from gender-based prejudice and unequal treatment in all areas of life.

Handbook on the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: "With Rights to Equality!"

However, there are many challenges in implementing these rights. Women worldwide continue to be disproportionately affected by violence. In many countries, girls have less access to education than boys. Globally, women often earn less than men for the same work. Women are under-represented in political leadership positions. Nevertheless, women's rights are essential in order to guarantee the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. They help to overcome patriarchal structures and promote a society in which all people enjoy equal opportunities and rights.

The term "xenophobia" derives from Greek and literally translates as "fear of the foreign". In German, the term is frequently translated as "Fremdenfeindlichkeit" (hostility towards strangers) or "Ausländerfeindlichkeit" (hostility towards foreigners). It refers to a rejecting attitude towards foreigners and people with a migration background. Characteristics such as a person's appearance (their skin colour), their religion, or their language can also play a role. Xenophobia can manifest as exclusion, discrimination, attacks, systematic expulsion, or even murder.

Xenophobia, or hostility towards foreigners, is criticised as a term, as it raises the question of who the "foreigners" are supposed to be and who decides this. It refers to all people of colour, regardless of whether the person holds German citizenship or grew up in Germany. The term "racism" is therefore preferred to describe this form of discrimination.

Further information on forced marriage 

In 2011, a nationwide study – conducted in cooperation with Terre des Femmes – on the subject of "Forced Marriage in Germany" was published. In 2008, 3,443 people in Germany were recorded as having sought advice regarding a threatened or already completed forced marriage – 93% of them girls and women. Just under one third of those affected were minors. The largest group threatened by or affected by forced marriage was aged 18–21 (40%). The actual number of cases is estimated to be high.

Academic study on forced marriage in Germany – number and analysis of counselling cases.